Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is related to chronic conditions such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis that cause inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Since it is a serious disease and there is no specific cure for IBD, in some cases, it may cause life-threatening complications. Learn all about this disease.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a broad term used to describe two primary conditions, which are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. These autoimmune disorders involve chronic inflammation of the digestive system, not to be confused with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Both of these conditions are usually characterised by symptoms such as diarrhoea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, fatigue, and weight loss. While some experience mild effects, others face severe debilitation, potentially leading to life-threatening complications. Although it is not a prevalent disease, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 7 million people worldwide have IBD.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex condition and several factors can contribute to the development of this disease. However, the exact cause of IBD is unknown. It is believed to be a combination of genetic predisposition, viral, environmental, nutritional, and immunological factors.
While diet has a big role to play in the development of IBD, one possible cause is an imbalance in gut microbiota or an abnormal immune response against bacteria, viruses, or food particles. This immune system malfunction can trigger an inflammatory reaction in the gut. Additionally, stress and psychological factors may exacerbate symptoms in some individuals, although they are not direct causes.
Inflammatory bowel disease comprises two main types (or conditions): ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. They are characterised by persistent gastrointestinal (GI) tract inflammation.
Ulcerative colitis primarily affects the large intestine (colon) and rectum, causing inflammation and ulcers in the innermost lining of the large intestine. The ulcers even tend to bleed and form pus. Other symptoms may include diarrhoea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, and urgency to defecate.
Crohn’s disease can affect any part of the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus. It can cause inflammation that may spread through the various layers of the GI tract’s walls. Symptoms vary widely and may include abdominal pain, diarrhoea, weight loss, fatigue, and fistulas.
Both conditions are chronic and characterised by periods of flare-ups, impacting the quality of life for those affected.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, characterised by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Here are several risk factors that may contribute to its development:
Age plays a role in increasing the risk of IBP, as it is common among young adults. However, IBD can occur at any age as well.
IBD can run in families. You would have a higher risk of developing IBD if someone in your blood relation has suffered from this disease.
Smoking is another well-established risk factor, particularly for Crohn’s disease, as it not only increases the likelihood of developing the condition but also exacerbates its symptoms.
In IBD, the immune system mistakenly starts targeting its own cells in the gut, causing chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract and other symptoms such as diarrhea and rectal bleeding.
Stress is not a direct contributor to the development of IBD. However, it has been seen that stress may exacerbate symptoms and trigger flare-ups in susceptible individuals.
Air pollution has emerged as a potential environmental risk factor for IBD. A study published by Nature Portfolio found that residential exposure to SO2 and NO2 may increase the risk of the early onset of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, respectively.
Certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen, can exacerbate or trigger inflammatory bowel disease symptoms in some individuals.
Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of IBD, although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are two different gastrointestinal disorders. IBD, encompassing Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, involves chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, leading to damage and complications such as ulcers and rectal bleeding.
On the other hand, IBS is a functional gastrointestinal disorder without visible damage to the digestive tract. Its symptoms include cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits (diarrhoea or constipation). The treatment is also different. IBD treatment often involves anti-inflammatory medications or surgery, whereas IBS is managed through dietary changes and stress management.
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IBD includes two conditions, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis, both of which cause inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The symptoms of IBD vary depending on the type of IBD, location, and severity of the inflammation. Here are some common signs of IBD:
IBD often causes chronic diarrhoea, which can be watery or bloody. This frequent and urgent need to use the bathroom disrupts daily life and can lead to dehydration and nutrient loss.
People with IBD frequently experience severe abdominal pain or cramping. This pain can be localised to different areas of the abdomen depending on the type of IBD—often the lower abdomen in ulcerative colitis and various locations in Crohn’s disease.
IBD can cause a sudden and intense urge to defecate, sometimes accompanied by a feeling of incomplete evacuation. This urgency can significantly impact the quality of life.
Due to reduced appetite, malabsorption, and nutrient loss from diarrhoea, weight loss is a common symptom. This unintentional weight loss can be significant and affect overall health.
Chronic inflammation and frequent blood loss from the digestive tract can lead to anaemia, contributing to persistent fatigue and a general feeling of weakness.
Especially in ulcerative colitis, blood in the stool is a frequent symptom. This can be alarming and indicates inflammation and ulceration of the colon’s lining.
Crohn’s disease can cause sores in the mouth, increasing the discomfort caused by the disease.
In Crohn’s disease, inflammation can affect the perianal area, leading to pain, swelling, and drainage from fistulas or abscesses.
IBD can also manifest outside the digestive tract, known as extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) of IBD. It can cause joint pain, eye inflammation, skin disorders, and liver problems.
See a doctor if you experience a persistent diarrhoea, severe abdominal pain, blood in your stool, unexplained weight loss, or ongoing fatigue. Immediate medical attention is crucial to managing these symptoms, as they may indicate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
To confirm the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), you will need multiple tests and procedures to go through. Here’s an overview of the diagnostic process:
Physicians may ask about the family history of IBD or prior gastrointestinal issues in grandparents, parents, or any other person in blood relations. Apart from the family history of IBD, the doctor may also ask you if you smoke, are on any medication, have had any illnesses in the past, or have any infections.
A physical exam follows, where the doctor checks for abdominal tenderness, masses, and signs of complications such as anaemia or malnutrition. They might also examine the patient’s mouth for sores and the skin for any unusual rashes or inflammation, which can be associated with IBD.
Blood tests are essential in the diagnosis of IBD:
Stool tests check for blood, pathogens, and inflammatory markers like calprotectin or lactoferrin. These tests help rule out infections and confirm inflammation in the intestines.
During endoscopic procedures, small tissue samples (biopsies) are taken from the intestinal lining. These samples are analysed to confirm the presence of chronic inflammation, granulomas (in Crohn’s disease), or ulcerative colitis.
While there is no specific cure for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), its treatment aims to reduce inflammation, manage symptoms, and achieve long-term relief. The approach typically involves medications, lifestyle changes, and sometimes surgery.
Targeted therapies such as adalimumab, certolizumab, infliximab, natalizumab, golimumab, vedolizumab, and ustekinumab are used for moderate-to-severe IBD unresponsive to conventional treatments.
Dietary adjustments, such as following specific carbohydrate diets, can alleviate symptoms. Stress management techniques, including exercise, meditation, and counseling, can also be beneficial.
Surgery is often required when medications fail to control symptoms or complications arise. For Crohn’s disease, surgery may involve removing diseased sections of the intestine. In ulcerative colitis, a colectomy (removal of the colon) may be necessary and can be curative.
Combinations of these treatments help manage IBD effectively, enhancing quality of life.
The need for long-term medication varies. Some patients might require ongoing treatment to maintain remission, while others may use medications intermittently. Regular consultations with a gastroenterologist will help you understand the treatment plan.
There is currently no cure for IBD. Treatment aims to manage symptoms, reduce inflammation, and maintain remission through medication, lifestyle adjustments, and sometimes surgery.
No, IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) and IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) are different conditions. IBS is a functional disorder with symptoms like abdominal pain and bowel changes without inflammation, whereas IBD involves chronic inflammation and can cause visible damage to the digestive tract.
IBD can impact fertility, particularly if the disease is active or if surgery has involved the pelvic area.